Small Language Models Explained
Exploring Small Language Models (SLMs): Capabilities and Applications Large Language Models (LLMs) have been prominent in AI for some time, but Small Language Models (SLMs) are now enhancing our ability to work with natural and programming languages. While LLMs excel in general language understanding, certain applications require more accuracy and domain-specific knowledge than these models can provide. This has created a demand for custom SLMs that offer LLM-like performance while reducing runtime costs and providing a secure, manageable environment. In this insight, we dig down into the world of SLMs, exploring their unique characteristics, benefits, and applications. We also discuss fine-tuning methods applied to Llama-2–13b, an SLM, to address specific challenges. The goal is to investigate how to make the fine-tuning process platform-independent. We selected Databricks for this purpose due to its compatibility with major cloud providers like Azure, Amazon Web Services (AWS), and Google Cloud Platform. What Are Small Language Models? In AI and natural language processing, SLMs are lightweight generative models with a focus on specific tasks. The term “small” refers to: SLMs like Google Gemini Nano, Microsoft’s Orca-2–7b, and Meta’s Llama-2–13b run efficiently on a single GPU and include over 5 billion parameters. SLMs vs. LLMs Applications of SLMs SLMs are increasingly used across various sectors, including healthcare, technology, and beyond. Common applications include: Fine-Tuning Small Language Models Fine-tuning involves additional training of a pre-trained model to make it more domain-specific. This process updates the model’s parameters with new data to enhance its performance in targeted applications, such as text generation or question answering. Hardware Requirements for Fine-Tuning The hardware needs depend on the model size, project scale, and dataset. General recommendations include: Data Preparation Preparing data involves extracting text from PDFs, cleaning it, generating question-and-answer pairs, and then fine-tuning the model. Although GPT-3.5 was used for generating Q&A pairs, SLMs can also be utilized for this purpose based on the use case. Fine-Tuning Process You can use HuggingFace tools for fine-tuning Llama-2–13b-chat-hf. The dataset was converted into a HuggingFace-compatible format, and quantization techniques were applied to optimize performance. The fine-tuning lasted about 16 hours over 50 epochs, with the cost around $100/£83, excluding trial costs. Results and Observations The fine-tuned model demonstrated strong performance, with over 70% of answers being highly similar to those generated by GPT-3.5. The SLM achieved comparable results despite having fewer parameters. The process was successful on both AWS and Databricks platforms, showcasing the model’s adaptability. SLMs have some limitations compared to LLMs, such as higher operational costs and restricted knowledge bases. However, they offer benefits in efficiency, versatility, and environmental impact. As SLMs continue to evolve, their relevance and popularity are likely to increase, especially with new models like Gemini Nano and Mixtral entering the market. Like Related Posts Salesforce OEM AppExchange Expanding its reach beyond CRM, Salesforce.com has launched a new service called AppExchange OEM Edition, aimed at non-CRM service providers. Read more The Salesforce Story In Marc Benioff’s own words How did salesforce.com grow from a start up in a rented apartment into the world’s Read more Salesforce Jigsaw Salesforce.com, a prominent figure in cloud computing, has finalized a deal to acquire Jigsaw, a wiki-style business contact database, for Read more Health Cloud Brings Healthcare Transformation Following swiftly after last week’s successful launch of Financial Services Cloud, Salesforce has announced the second installment in its series Read more